Sociology

Sociology is the scientific or academic study of social behavior, including its origins, development, organization, and institutions.^[1] It is a social science that uses various methods of empirical investigation^[2] and critical analysis^[3] to develop a body of knowledge about social order, social disorder and social change. Many sociologists aim to conduct research that may be applied directly to social policy and welfare, while others focus primarily on refining the theoretical understanding of social processes. Subject matter ranges from the micro level of individual agency and interaction to the macro level of systems and the social structure.^[4]

The traditional focuses of sociology include social stratification, social class, social mobility, religion, secularization, law, sexuality and deviance. As all spheres of human activity are affected by the interplay between social structure and individual agency, sociology has gradually expanded its focus to further subjects, such as health, medical, military and penal institutions, the Internet, education, and the role of social activity in the development of scientific knowledge.

The range of social scientific methods has also expanded. Social researchers draw upon a variety of qualitative and quantitative techniques. The linguistic and cultural turns of the mid-twentieth century led to increasingly interpretative, hermeneutic, and philosophic approaches towards the analysis of society. Conversely, the end of the 1990s and the beginnning of 2000s have seen the rise of new analytically, mathematically and computationally rigorous techniques, such as agent-based modelling and social network analysis.^[5][6]

Social research informs politicians and policy makers, educators, planners, lawmakers, administrators, developers, business magnates, managers, social workers, non-governmental organizations, non-profit organizations, and people interested in resolving social issues in general. There is often a great deal of crossover between social research, market research, and other statistical fields.^[7]

Stages in socialization Process:

Socialization can be conceptualized as a process made up of three stages.

a. Pre-arrival Stage:

This stage explicitly recognizes that each individual arrives with a set of organizational values, attitudes, and

expectations. For instance, in many jobs, particularly high skilled and managerial jobs, new members will

have undergone a considerable degree of prior socialization in training and in school. Pre-arrival

socialization, however, goes beyond the specific job. The selection process is used in most organizations to

inform perspective employees about the organization as whole. In addition, of course, interviews in the

selection process also act to ensure the inclusion of the “right type” determining those who will fit in.

Indeed, the ability of the individuals to present the appropriate face during the selection process determines

their ability to move into the organization in the first place. Thus success depends upon the degree to which

aspiring members have correctly anticipated the expectations and desires of those in the organization in

charge of selection.

b. Encounter Stage:

Upon entry into the organization, new members enter the encounter stage. Here the individuals confront

the possible dichotomy between their expectations about their jobs, their coworkers, their supervisors, and

the organization in general and reality. If expectations prove to have been more or less accurate, the

encounter state merely provides a reaffirmation of the perceptions generated earlier. However, this is often

not the case. Where expectation and reality differ; new employees must undergo socialization that will

detach them from their previous assumption and replace these with the organization’s pivotal standards.

Socialization, however, cannot solve all the expectation differences. At the extreme, some new members

may become totally disillusioned with the actualities of their jobs and resign. It is hoped that proper

selection would significantly reduce this latter occurrence.

c. Metamorphosis Stage:

Finally the new member must workout any problems discovered during the encounter stage. This may mean

going through changes. Hence the last stage is termed as metamorphosis stage. Metamorphosis is complete

as is the socialization process – when new members have become comfortable with the organization and

their work teams. In this situation they will have internalized the norms of the organization and their

coworkers; and they understand and accept these norms. New members will feel accepted by their peers as

trusted and valued individuals. They will have gained an understanding of the organizational system- not

only their own tasks but the rules, procedures and informally accepted practices as well. Finally they will

know how they are going to be evaluated. They will know what is expected of them and what constitutes a

good job. Consequently, successful metamorphosis should have positive effect on a new employees

productivity and the employee’s commitment to the organization, and should reduce the likelihood that the

employee will leave the organization any time soon.

  Socialization prepares people to participate in a social group by teaching them its norms and expectations.

  Socialization has three primary goals: teaching impulse control and developing a conscience, preparing people to perform certain social roles, and cultivating shared sources of meaning and value.

  Socialization is culturally specific, but this does not mean certain cultures are better or worse than others.

-social rules

Social rule system theory is an attempt to formally approach different kinds of social rule systems in a unified manner. Social rules systems include institutions such as norms, laws, regulations, taboos, customs, and a variety of related concepts and are important in the social sciences and humanities. Social rule system theory is fundamentally an institutionalist approach to the social sciences, both in its placing primacy on institutions and in its use of sets of rules to define concepts in social theory.

-type/kind of social rule

• 1. Introduction
• 2. Norms and efficiency
• 3. Theories of norms and their force
• 4. Socialization
• 5. Social identity
• 6. Rational choice
• 7. Equilibria and self-fulfilling expectations
• 8. Evolution
• 9. Conclusions

Definition of social status

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Social status, also called status,  the relative rank that an individual holds, with attendant rights, duties, and lifestyle, in a social hierarchy based upon honour or prestige. Status may be ascribed—that is, assigned to individuals at birth without reference to any innate abilities—or achieved, requiring special qualities and gained through competition and individual effort. Ascribed status is typically based on sex, age, race, family relationships, or birth, while achieved status may be based on education, occupation, marital status, accomplishments, or other factors.

The word status implies social stratification on a vertical scale. People may be said to occupy high positions when they are able to control, by order or by influence, other people’s conduct; when they derive prestige from holding important offices; or when their conduct is esteemed by others. Relative status is a major factor in determining the way people behave toward each other (see role).

Criteria for  granting of social values

a. Is a creation of society through interactions between citizens .

b . Distributed among citizens through the process of socialization ( the student )

c . Is part of the business needs and social satisfaction .

d . Vary from one society to another society .

e . Can affect self-development residents masyaraka with the degree of influence varies between citizens .

f . Social values ​​that exist in society , tend to regard each oth

A status symbol is a perceived visible, external denotation of one's social position and perceived indicator of economic or social status.^[1] Many luxury goods are often considered status symbols. Status symbol is also a sociological term – as part of social and sociological symbolic interactionism – relating to how individuals and groups interact and interpret various cultural symbols

Socialization function in social status

Socialization describes a process which may lead to desirable outcomes—sometimes labeled "moral"—as regards the society where it occurs. Individual views on certain issues, for instance race or economics, are influenced by the society's consensus and usually tend toward what that society finds acceptable or "normal".